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GABA [HTML]
GABA
...nsmitters View/Add Comments Table of Contents 1. History of GABA 2. GABA action 2.1. GABA A receptors 2.2. GABA B receptors. 3. GABA neurons in nematodes 3.1. GABA neuron function 3.2. Genetic screen 3.3. Other GABA genes 3.4. Similarities with vertebrates 4. References Abst...

...gaba.html 10.1895/wormbook.1.14.1 GABA Download PDF version GABA * Erik M. Jorgensen § Howard Hughes Medical Institute ...

...es that use the neurotransmitter γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is also an important neurotransmitter in C. elegans; howeve...

...cts at synapses of the central nervous system, in nematodes GABA acts primarily at neuromuscular synapses. Specifically, GABA acts to relax the body muscles during locomotion and foragi...

GABA : 1. History of GABA
...tamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). (B) GABA drugs. Muscimol is a GABA A agonist and baclofen is a GABA B agonist. Bicuculline and saclofen are antagonists of GABA A and GABA B respectively. Invertebrate GABA A -like receptors are insensitive to bicuculline. Only a fe...

...10.1895/wormbook.1.14.1 1. History of GABA γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid neurotransmitter synthesized by decarboxy...

...ds of cow brain and determined that the active compound was GABA. They further demonstrated that chemically synthesized GABA could inhibit the crayfish stretch receptor ( Bazemore et a...

...d to a mere metabolite ( Edwards et al., 1999a ). Figure 1. GABA structure.  (A) GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid d...

GABA : 2. GABA action
...nally defined by independent pharmacological sensitivities. GABA A receptors are activated by muscimol, whereas GABA B receptors are activated by baclofen ( Figure 1 ). The GABA A receptors are blocked by bicuculline, whereas the GABA B receptor can be blocked by saclofen or phaclofen ( Guillo...

...ofen ( Guillon et al., 1999 ). Although the pharmacology of GABA receptors in C. elegans differs somewhat compared to GABA receptors in vertebrates, nematodes possess both GABA A and GABA B receptors based on sequence similarity. ...

...tillo et al., 1963 ). It is now known that these actions of GABA are mediated by the GABA A receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel ( Schofield et al., 1987 ). In verte...

...10.1895/wormbook.1.14.1 2. GABA action 2.1. GABA A receptors Electrophysiological recordings from Ascaris by...

GABA : 3. GABA neurons in nematodes
...wn. Moreover, some cells that express UNC-30 do not display GABA cell identity. Why these cells do not express GABA specific genes is not known. 3.2.5.  unc-49 : the GABA A receptor GABA A receptors are GABA-gated chloride channels that inhibit cell activity. The GABA A receptor, that inhibits body muscle contraction during lo...

...defective behavior, + = wild type behavior, (+) = wild type GABA level, (-) = low GABA level, (++++) = high GABA level ( McIntire et al., 1993 ). 3.2.1.  unc-25 : GABA biosynthesis unc-25 encodes the biosynthetic enzyme for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; Figure 6 ; Jin et al., 1...

...for active transport instead of a H + gradient (see ' Other GABA genes ' below). Figure 6. Genes required for GABA function in C. elegans .  GABA is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the neuron by glutamic a...

... could be observed. Specifically, the addition of exogenous GABA to mutants that lacked GABA ( unc-25 ), restored GABA immunoreactivity and function ( McIntire et al., 1993 ). Mo...


Autophagy in C. elegans [HTML]
Autophagy in C. elegans : 3. Functions of autophagy in C. elegans
.... In C. elegans , body-wall muscles form synapses with both GABA and non-GABA neurons ( White et al., 1986 ). GABA terminals organize GABA A receptors into synaptic clusters and in the absence of pr...

...tter receptor trafficking A novel function for autophagy in GABA A receptor degradative trafficking has been shown in C. ele...

...synaptic clusters and in the absence of presynaptic inputs, GABA A receptors are internalized and degraded through autophagy...

... In these neurons, autophagy is used selectively to degrade GABA A receptors, since acetylcholine receptors in the same cell...


Anthelmintic drugs [HTML]
Anthelmintic drugs : 2. Is C. elegans a model ‘parasite’?
...he excitatory motorneurones ( Johnson and Stretton, 1985 ), GABA in the inhibitory motorneurones ( Johnson and Stretton, 198...

Anthelmintic drugs : 4. Classes of anthelmintic drugs
... from its effects in A. suum . In A. suum it acts as a weak GABA-mimetic and causes a flaccid, reversible paralysis of body ...

...vide evidence that it is a low efficacy, partial agonist at GABA-gated chloride channels ( Martin, 1985 ). 4.2. Benzimi...

...oline-gated chloride channels ( Bokisch and Walker, 1986 ), GABA-gated chloride channels ( Robertson, 1989 ; Holden-Dye and ...


Electrophysiological recordings from the neuromuscular junction of C. elegans [HTML]
Electrophysiological recordings from the neuromuscular junction of C. elegans : 4. Dissection
...een). The inset shows an example of a cut open preparation (GABA neurons labeled with GFP, muscles with Texas red-labeled ph...

Electrophysiological recordings from the neuromuscular junction of C. elegans : 5. Recording
...lutions the muscle chloride gradient is reversed, therefore GABA currents appear as inward currents due to chloride efflux t...

...ts appear as inward currents due to chloride efflux through GABA receptor channels. Variations on these solutions may be des...

...iations on these solutions may be desirable to separate the GABA component from the ACh component of the synaptic currents. ...


Neurogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [HTML]
Neurogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans : 4. Genes controlling neuron class specification
...st example of such co-regulatory logic. Two key enzymes for GABA synthesis and transport are directly co-regulated by unc-30...

...sequently, it was found that unc-30 does not just determine GABA neurotransmitter identity, but also other identity features...

...the lim-6 LIM homeobox gene regulates the expression of the GABA synthesizing enzyme unc-25 and the glutamate receptor glr-1...


Acetylcholine [HTML]
Acetylcholine : 1. Introduction to cholinergic metabolism
...ost-synaptic cells. For most other neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, dopamine, serotonin), the action of the transmitter is ter...

Acetylcholine : 4. Choline transport
...rter ( MOD-5 ), the dopamine transporter ( DAT-1 ), and the GABA transporter ( SNF-11 ). The only two substrates identified ...

Acetylcholine : 8. Cholinergic receptor-associated proteins and genes
..., but it is not involved in the localization or function of GABA receptors ( Gottschalk et al., 2005 ). CAM-1 is expressed i...


Specification of the nervous system [HTML]
Specification of the nervous system : 4. Neuron class specification
...ing features of GABAergic neurons are their production of a GABA-producing enzyme ( unc-25 ) and a vesicular GABA transporter ( unc-47 ). GABAergic ventral cord motorneurons...

Specification of the nervous system : 7. Concepts in neuronal fate specification in C. elegans
...le, the lim-6 homeobox gene regulates the expression of the GABA synthesizing enzyme unc-25 and the glutamate receptor glr-1...


Immunohistochemistry [HTML]
Immunohistochemistry : 2. Protocols and procedures
...r 24 hours at 4°C and in collagenase several hours. For GABA: Fix 4% formaldehyde + 1% glutaraldehyde (reagent grade) at...

...ne and octopamine ( Monastirioti et al., 1995 ). Serotonin, GABA, and FMRFamide-related peptides do not require this fixativ...


Neurophysiological methods in C. elegans: an introduction [HTML]
Neurophysiological methods in C. elegans: an introduction : 1. Electrophysiology
...c acetylcholine receptors ( Richmond and Jorgensen, 1999 ), GABA receptors ( Richmond and Jorgensen, 1999 ), glutamate recep...


Synaptic function [HTML]
Synaptic function : 1. Overview
... whereas inhibitory NMJs release γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cause muscle relaxation. During locomotion, the comman...


Ionotropic glutamate receptors: genetics, behavior and electrophysiology [HTML]
Ionotropic glutamate receptors: genetics, behavior and electrophysiology : 1. Ionotropic glutamate receptors
...ry acetylcholine and serotonin receptors and the inhibitory GABA and glycine receptors ( Ortells and Lunt, 1995 ). Figure 1....


C. elegans and volatile anesthetics [HTML]
C. elegans and volatile anesthetics : 1. Introduction
... membrane proteins, most notably ligand gated ion channels (GABA A receptors, glutamate receptors), voltage gated ion channe...


Biogenic amine neurotransmitters in C. elegans [HTML]
Biogenic amine neurotransmitters in C. elegans : 3. Tyramine
... OA 3 . tm1062 , vs105 ND T14E8.3 ( dop-3 ) Cholinergic and GABA’ergic ventral cord motor neurons 9 . ND vs106 , tm135...


Genomic classification of protein-coding gene families [HTML]
Genomic classification of protein-coding gene families: 7. Functional classification
...tivity (GO:0003964) 39 tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004812) 39 GABA-A receptor activity (GO:0004890) 39 astacin activity (GO:00...

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